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<title>Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans</title>

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Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans

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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Parapsoriasis variegata<a href="#cite_note-Howard-1">[1]</a> or Parapsoriasis lichenoides<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Typical skin changes and discoloration described as poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans (PVA), is a cutaneous condition (<a href="Skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disease">skin disease</a>) characterized by hypo- or hyperpigmentation (diminished or heightened skin <a href="Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentation</a>, respectively), <a href="Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">telangiectasia</a> and skin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrophy" class="extiw external" title="wikt:atrophy">atrophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pva75-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Other names for the condition include prereticulotic poikiloderma and atrophic parapsoriasis.<a href="#cite_note-frpva-6">[6]</a> The condition was first described by pioneer American pediatrician <a href="Abraham_Jacobi" title="Abraham Jacobi">Abraham Jacobi</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-pvalymph-7">[7]</a> PVA causes areas of affected skin to appear speckled red and inflamed, yellowish and/or brown, gray or grayish-black, with scaling and a thinness that may be described as "cigarette paper".<a href="#cite_note-pva75-3">[3]</a> On the surface of the skin, these areas may range in size from small patches, to <a href="Plaque_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaque (dermatology)">plaques</a> (larger, raised areas), to <a href="Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a> (spreading, tumor-like growths on the skin).<a href="#cite_note-pva75-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-frpva-6">[6]</a>

Mycosis fungoides, a type of skin <a href="Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, may be a cause of PVA. The condition may also be caused by, associated with or accompany any of the following conditions or disorders: other skin lymphomas, <a href="Dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a>, <a href="Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome" title="Rothmund–Thomson syndrome">Rothmund–Thomson syndrome</a>, <a href="Kindler_syndrome" title="Kindler syndrome">Kindler syndrome</a>, <a href="Dyskeratosis_congenita" title="Dyskeratosis congenita">dyskeratosis congenita</a>, and <a href="Chronic_radiodermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiodermatitis">chronic radiodermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-4">[4]</a> Rare causes include <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> ingestion, and the condition can also be <a href="Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pva75-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a>

PVA may be considered a rare variant of <a href="Cutaneous_T-cell_lymphoma" title="Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma">cutaneous T-cell lymphoma</a>, a <a href="Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Non-Hodgkin lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's</a> form of <a href="Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a> affecting the skin.<a href="#cite_note-pvalymph-7">[7]</a> It may also be included among a number of similar conditions that are considered as precursors to <a href="Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">mycosis fungoides</a>. PVA is believed to be a syndrome closely associated with <a href="Large-plaque_parapsoriasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-plaque parapsoriasis">large-plaque parapsoriasis</a> and its cohort <a href="Retiform_parapsoriasis" title="Retiform parapsoriasis">retiform parapsoriasis</a>; including PVA, all three conditions fit within an updated view of the once ambiguous classification scheme known as <a href="Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">parapsoriasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:458px;max-width:458px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The layers of the epidermis (left). Melanocytes (rlght), located in the bottom epidermal layer, produce melanin.</div></div></div></div>

PVA can be characterized by speckled, combined hyper- and hypopigmentation in the plaques or patches of affected skin.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Hyperpigmentation is excess coloration, or darkening of the skin,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> while hypopigmentation is a diminished or pallid coloring to the skin. Pigmentation changes in PVA, apparent in the <a href="Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermal</a> (outermost) skin layer, may be attributed to incontinence (leaking out) of <a href="Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> from <a href="Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a> into the <a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">dermal</a> skin layer below.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Inflammation of the skin and cutaneous tissue, common with PVA,<a href="#cite_note-pvalymph-7">[7]</a> also contributes to color changes in the skin, typified by redness. Telangiectasia, the visible <a href="Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">"vascular"</a> element of PVA, is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dilation" class="extiw external" title="wikt:dilation">dilation</a> of small blood vessels near the skin surface.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Skin atrophy, a wasting-away of the tissue comprising the skin, is a prominent part of PVA and effects the dermal, and particularly the epidermal layer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> This, in part, is the result of degenerative <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liquefaction" class="extiw external" title="wikt:liquefaction">liquefaction</a> of the <a href="Stratum_germinativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratum germinativum">stratum basale</a> (bottom cell-layer) of the epidermis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Atrophy of the skin gives it a thin, dry and wrinkled appearance, which in PVA-affected individuals has been described as "cigarette paper".<a href="#cite_note-pvalymph-7">[7]</a> <a href="Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">Hyperkeratosis</a>, a thickening of the <a href="Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a> (top cell-layer of the epidermis), has also been reported.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2></div>

PVA usually has an underlying cause, attributed to existing skin diseases and disorders associated with a cutaneous lymphoma or inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Mycosis fungoides is the common lymphoma believed to cause PVA, although it may be considered a precursor when the lymphoma is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/occult" class="extiw external" title="wikt:occult">occult</a> (hidden) and undiagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Large plaque parapsoriasis is another common causes of PVA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Less common causes include autoimmune-related <a href="Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">connective tissue diseases</a> such as <a href="Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">lupus</a>, <a href="Dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a> and <a href="Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">scleroderma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Dermatoses and those that are genetically inspired, called <a href="Genodermatosis" title="Genodermatosis">genodermatoses</a>, may also be an underlying cause of PVA. Among them, <a href="Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">xeroderma pigmentosum</a> and <a href="Rothmund%E2%80%93Thomson_syndrome" title="Rothmund–Thomson syndrome">Rothmund–Thomson syndrome</a> (poikiloderma congenita) are thought to be the most prominent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Ingestion of substances containing <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, such as <a href="Arsphenamine" title="Arsphenamine">arsphenamine</a>, has also been suggested as a least common cause.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> PVA can also be <a href="Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> (of unknown cause), as seen in a small number of cases.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div>

Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans, or PVA, indicates that extra or altered skin pigmentation ("<a href="Poikiloderma" title="Poikiloderma">poikiloderma</a>")<a href="#cite_note-pdef-10">[10]</a> is occurring, associated with heightened visibity of <a href="Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a> ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vascularity" class="extiw external" title="wikt:vascularity">vasculare</a>", referring to telangiectasia) under the skin, related to thinning and wasting away ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrophy" class="extiw external" title="wikt:atrophy">atrophicans</a>") of the skin and its <a href="Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>. Telangiectasia is an enlargement of capillaries underneath the skin.<a href="#cite_note-pdef-10">[10]</a>

PVA also has common names that include parapsoriasis-related terminology (i.e. parapsoriasis variagata, or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/variegated" class="extiw external" title="wikt:variegated">variegated</a>" parapsoriasis).<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Parapsoriasis is a term first used by Brocq in 1902,<a href="#cite_note-brocq-11">[11]</a> intended to represent a group comprising a number of uncommon skin disorders, under a once used, now antiquated classification scheme for all inflammatory dermatoses (skin diseases known to be associated with or cause inflammation).<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Brocq chose the term "parapsoriasis" to illustrate that the dermatoses placed in this group had or would have commonalities with psoriasiasis, including appearance and chronicity (lifelong or indefinite duration).<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> This poorly designated grouping has led to confusion in establishing a <a href="Nosology" title="Nosology">nosology</a> (a method of classifying diseases and disorders) that associated or distinguished these disorders, and through the years differing opinions and uses regarding parapsoriasis by both authors and physicians has caused further confusion.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> In more recent times, after much discussion and growing consensus, parapsoriasis and its terminology has been revisited and re-examined often. Newer thought on parapsoriasis, such as by Sutton (1956)<a href="#cite_note-s56-12">[12]</a> all the way to that by Sehgal, et al. (2007)<a href="#cite_note-se07-13">[13]</a> has cleared much of the confusion and has sparked increased understanding of parapsoriasis and its constituents.

PVA fits within this updated view of parapsoriasis as a syndrome often associated with large plaque parapsoriasis and, or including its variant form, retiform parapsoriasis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Additionally, it may be considered a precursor or variant of the lymphomatous skin disorder mycosis fungoides, which is also associated with large plaque parapsoriasis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Large plaque parapsoriasis consists of inflamed, oddly discolored (such as yellow or blue), web-patterned and scaling plaques on the skin, 10 cm (3.9 in) or larger in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> When the condition of the skin encompassed by these plaques worsens and becomes atrophic, it is typically considered retiform parapsoriasis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> PVA can occur in either the large plaque or retiform stage, but it can only be considered PVA when its three constituents (poikiloderma, telangiectasia, atrophy) are present.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> PVA is therefore considered an independent syndrome identified by its constituents, wherever it occurs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a>

In modern consideration and usage, the solitary term "poikiloderma" has also come to represent all three elements of PVA.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> When skin diseases and disorders or skin conditions described as dermatoses contain the term poikiloderma in their assessment or diagnosis (such as with <a href="Bloom_syndrome" title="Bloom syndrome">Bloom syndrome</a>), this can sometimes be an erroneous usage of the term.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Discretion has been advised.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a> Usage of the entire term "poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans" may also be reserved to indicate it as the primary condition affecting the skin in cases where the disorder associated with it is secondary.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7026622-5">[5]</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cutaneous_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cutaneous conditions">List of cutaneous conditions</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHowardSmoller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Howard MS, Smoller BR (Jun 2000). "Mycosis fungoides: classic disease and variant presentations". Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 19 (2): 91–99. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1085-5629%2800%2980005-X">10.1016/S1085-5629(00)80005-X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10892710">10892710</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">Diseases Database</a> (DDB): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb10208.htm">10208</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pva75-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pva75_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pva75_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pva75_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pva75_3-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmanPaul1975" class="citation journal cs1">Chapman, R. S.; Paul, C. J. (July 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2496068">"Poikiloderma atrophicans vasculare as a pointer to reticulosis of the skin"</a>. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 51 (597): 463–467. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpgmj.51.597.463">10.1136/pgmj.51.597.463</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2496068">2496068</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1103107">1103107</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bolognia-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolognia_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRapini,_Ronald_P.Bolognia,_Jean_L.Jorizzo,_Joseph_L.2007" class="citation book cs1">Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4160-2999-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pmid7026622-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7026622_5-29">ad</a> <cite id="CITEREFLambertEverett1981" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert WC, Everett MA (Oct 1981). "The nosology of parapsoriasis". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5 (4): 373–395. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0190-9622%2881%2970100-2">10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70100-2</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7026622">7026622</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-frpva-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frpva_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frpva_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBonvaletColau-GohmBelaïchCivatte1977" class="citation journal cs1">Bonvalet, D.; Colau-Gohm, K.; Belaïch, S.; Civatte, J.; Degos, R. (Jan 1977). "The difference forms of "parapsoriasis en plaques". A report of 90 cases (author's transl)". Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie. 104 (1): 18–25. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/843023">843023</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pvalymph-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pvalymph_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvalymph_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvalymph_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pvalymph_7-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFKreuterHoffmammAltmeyer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kreuter A, Hoffmamm K, Altmeyer P (Apr 2005). "A case of poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans, a rare variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, responding to extracorporeal photopheresis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 52 (4): 706–708. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2004.10.877">10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.877</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15793532">15793532</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/hyperpigmentation.html">"A definition of the term "hyperpigmentation" from Aocd.com"</a>. Retrieved Feb 6, 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everydayhealth.com/health-information/hyperkeratosis-what-is-it.aspx">"A definition of the term "hyperkeratosis" from Everydayhealth.com"</a>. Retrieved Feb 6, 2010.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-pdef-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdef_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdef_10-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15908">"A definition of the term "poikiloderma" from Medterms.com"</a>. Retrieved Dec 28, 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brocq-11"><a href="#cite_ref-brocq_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrocq_L1902" class="citation journal cs1">Brocq L (1902). "Les parapsoriasis". Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris). 3: 433–468.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-s56-12"><a href="#cite_ref-s56_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSutton_RL1956" class="citation book cs1">Sutton RL (1956). Diseases of the skin. St. Louis, Mo.: The C. V. Mosby Co. pp. 936–941.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-se07-13"><a href="#cite_ref-se07_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSehgalSrivastavaAggarwal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sehgal, V. N.; Srivastava, G.; Aggarwal, A. K. (Nov–Dec 2007). "Parapsoriasis: a complex issue". Skinmed. 6 (6): 280–286. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-9740.2007.06490.x">10.1111/j.1540-9740.2007.06490.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975354">17975354</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Cutaneous_keratosis,_ulcer,_atrophy,_and_necrobiosis176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Acanthosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthosis">Epidermal thickening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Keratoderma" title="Keratoderma">keratoderma</a>: <a href="Keratoderma_climactericum" title="Keratoderma climactericum">Keratoderma climactericum</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraneoplastic_keratoderma" title="Paraneoplastic keratoderma">Paraneoplastic keratoderma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paraneoplastic_acrokeratosis" title="Paraneoplastic acrokeratosis">Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Palmoplantar_keratoderma" title="Palmoplantar keratoderma">Aquagenic keratoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug-induced_keratoderma" title="Drug-induced keratoderma">Drug-induced keratoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Keratoderma_blennorrhagicum" title="Keratoderma blennorrhagicum">Keratoderma blennorrhagicum</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Keratosis" title="Keratosis">keratosis</a>: <a href="Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clonal_seborrheic_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonal seborrheic keratosis">Clonal seborrheic keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_seborrheic_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Common seborrheic keratosis">Common seborrheic keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Irritated_seborrheic_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irritated seborrheic keratosis">Irritated seborrheic keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Seborrheic_keratosis_with_squamous_atypia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia">Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia</a></li>

<li><a href="Reticulated_seborrheic_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulated seborrheic keratosis">Reticulated seborrheic keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermatosis_papulosa_nigra" title="Dermatosis papulosa nigra">Dermatosis papulosa nigra</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Keratosis_punctata_of_the_palmar_creases" title="Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases">Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>other <a href="Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">hyperkeratosis</a>: <a href="Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">Acanthosis nigricans</a>

<ul><li><a href="Confluent_and_reticulated_papillomatosis" title="Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis">Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ichthyosis_acquisita" title="Ichthyosis acquisita">Ichthyosis acquisita</a></li>

<li><a href="Arsenical_keratosis" title="Arsenical keratosis">Arsenical keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronic_scar_keratosis" title="Chronic scar keratosis">Chronic scar keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperkeratosis_lenticularis_perstans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans">Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrocarbon_keratosis" title="Hydrocarbon keratosis">Hydrocarbon keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperkeratosis_of_the_nipple_and_areola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola">Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverted_follicular_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted follicular keratosis">Inverted follicular keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichenoid keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_minute_digitate_hyperkeratosis" title="Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis">Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="PUVA_keratosis" title="PUVA keratosis">PUVA keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactional_keratosis" title="Reactional keratosis">Reactional keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Stucco_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stucco keratosis">Stucco keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_keratosis" title="Thermal keratosis">Thermal keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Wart" title="Wart">Viral keratosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Warty_dyskeratoma" title="Warty dyskeratoma">Warty dyskeratoma</a></li>

<li><a href="Waxy_keratosis_of_childhood" title="Waxy keratosis of childhood">Waxy keratosis of childhood</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>other hypertrophy: <a href="Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertrophic_scar" title="Hypertrophic scar">Hypertrophic scar</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutis_verticis_gyrata" title="Cutis verticis gyrata">Cutis verticis gyrata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Necrobiosis" title="Necrobiosis">Necrobiosis</a>/<a href="Granuloma" title="Granuloma">granuloma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Granuloma#Necrobiotic/palisading" title="Granuloma">Necrobiotic/palisading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Perforating_granuloma_annulare" title="Perforating granuloma annulare">Perforating</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_granuloma_annulare" title="Generalized granuloma annulare">Generalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcutaneous_granuloma_annulare" title="Subcutaneous granuloma annulare">Subcutaneous</a></li>

<li><a href="Granuloma_annulare_in_HIV_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Granuloma annulare in HIV disease">Granuloma annulare in HIV disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Localized_granuloma_annulare" title="Localized granuloma annulare">Localized granuloma annulare</a></li>

<li><a href="Patch-type_granuloma_annulare" title="Patch-type granuloma annulare">Patch-type granuloma annulare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li>

<li><a href="Annular_elastolytic_giant-cell_granuloma" title="Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma">Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Granuloma_multiforme" title="Granuloma multiforme">Granuloma multiforme</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrobiotic_xanthogranuloma" title="Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma">Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Palisaded_neutrophilic_and_granulomatous_dermatitis" title="Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis">Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Rheumatoid_nodulosis" title="Rheumatoid nodulosis">Rheumatoid nodulosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstitial_granulomatous_dermatitis_with_arthritis" title="Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis">Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis</a>/<a href="Interstitial_granulomatous_drug_reaction" title="Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction">Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Foreign_body_granuloma" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign body granuloma">Foreign body granuloma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beryllium_granuloma" title="Beryllium granuloma">Beryllium granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_granuloma" title="Mercury granuloma">Mercury granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Silica_granuloma" title="Silica granuloma">Silica granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Silicone_granuloma" title="Silicone granuloma">Silicone granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Zirconium_granuloma" title="Zirconium granuloma">Zirconium granuloma</a></li>

<li><a href="Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_stain" title="Carbon stain">Carbon stain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eosinophilic_dermatosis" title="Eosinophilic dermatosis">eosinophilic dermatosis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Granuloma_faciale" title="Granuloma faciale">Granuloma faciale</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a>/ localized <a href="Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">CTD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">Cutaneous lupus erythematosus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>chronic: <a href="Discoid_lupus_erythematosus" title="Discoid lupus erythematosus">Discoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Lupus_erythematosus_panniculitis" title="Lupus erythematosus panniculitis">Panniculitis</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Subacute_cutaneous_lupus_erythematosus" title="Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus">subacute</a>: <a href="Neonatal_lupus_erythematosus" title="Neonatal lupus erythematosus">Neonatal</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>ungrouped: <a href="Chilblain_lupus_erythematosus" title="Chilblain lupus erythematosus">Chilblain</a></li>

<li><a href="Lupus_erythematosus%E2%80%93lichen_planus_overlap_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome">Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Tumid_lupus_erythematosus" title="Tumid lupus erythematosus">Tumid</a></li>

<li><a href="Verrucous_lupus_erythematosus" title="Verrucous lupus erythematosus">Verrucous</a></li>

<li><a href="Rowell's_syndrome" title="Rowell's syndrome">Rowell's syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/ <a href="Morphea" title="Morphea">Morphea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Localized_scleroderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Localized scleroderma">Localized scleroderma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Localized_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Localized morphea">Localized morphea</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphea%E2%80%93lichen_sclerosus_et_atrophicus_overlap" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap">Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized morphea">Generalized morphea</a></li>

<li><a href="Atrophoderma_of_Pasini_and_Pierini" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini">Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini</a></li>

<li><a href="Pansclerotic_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pansclerotic morphea">Pansclerotic morphea</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphea_profunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphea profunda">Morphea profunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_scleroderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear scleroderma">Linear scleroderma</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophic</a>/ <a href="Atrophoderma" title="Atrophoderma">atrophoderma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Anetoderma" title="Anetoderma">Anetoderma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Schweninger%E2%80%93Buzzi_anetoderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma">Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Jadassohn%E2%80%93Pellizzari_anetoderma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma">Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atrophoderma_of_Pasini_and_Pierini" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini">Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini</a></li>

<li><a href="Acrodermatitis_chronica_atrophicans" title="Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans">Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans</a></li>

<li><a href="Lipoatrophia_semicircularis" title="Lipoatrophia semicircularis">Semicircular lipoatrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Follicular_atrophoderma" title="Follicular atrophoderma">Follicular atrophoderma</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_atrophoderma_of_Moulin" title="Linear atrophoderma of Moulin">Linear atrophoderma of Moulin</a></li>

<li><a href="Atrophia_maculosa_varioliformis_cutis" title="Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis">Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cutaneous_perforating_disorders" title="Cutaneous perforating disorders">Perforating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kyrle_disease" title="Kyrle disease">Kyrle disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_perforating_collagenosis" title="Reactive perforating collagenosis">Reactive perforating collagenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Elastosis_perforans_serpiginosa" title="Elastosis perforans serpiginosa">Elastosis perforans serpiginosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Perforating_folliculitis" title="Perforating folliculitis">Perforating folliculitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Acquired_perforating_dermatosis" title="Acquired perforating dermatosis">Acquired perforating dermatosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Skin ulcer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pyoderma_gangrenosum" title="Pyoderma gangrenosum">Pyoderma gangrenosum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calcinosis_cutis" title="Calcinosis cutis">Calcinosis cutis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sclerodactyly" title="Sclerodactyly">Sclerodactyly</a></li>

<li><a href="Ainhum" title="Ainhum">Ainhum</a>/<a href="Pseudo-ainhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-ainhum">Pseudo-ainhum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2022-08-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Poikiloderma_vasculare_atrophicans&oldid=1102911713">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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